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时态

时态

时态的组合:

一般进行完成完成进行
现在现在一般现在进行现在完成现在完成进行
过去过去一般过去进行过去完成过去完成进行
将来将来一般将来进行将来完成将来完成进行
过去将来过去将来一般过去将来进行过去将来完成过去将来完成进行

时(主要依靠 do/be/have 三个的变化):

dobehave
现在do/doesam/is/arehave/has
过去didwas/werehad
将来will dowill bewill have
过去将来would dowould bewould have

态(主要依靠 do/be):

do/be
一般do/be
进行be doing/being
完成have done/been
完成进行have been doing/being

看一个句子,首先看「态」,再看「时」,然后结合起来

He repairs the watch:

将来 完成:have been(态) + will have(时) → He will have repaired the watch.

过去将来 完成进行:have been doing(态)+ would have(时) → He would have been repairing the watch.

一般态

一般现在:

  • 包含现在时间点在内的较长时间段内,一个状态持续的存在,或一个动作重复、规律性地发生。

    • I am a man.

    • I am Chinese.

    • The sun is bigger than the Earth.

    • I like swimming.

    • The sun rises from the east.

    • Failure teaches success.

    • I work in this restaurant every day.

  • 当前一个动作的发生或一个状态的存在(不强调持续性,这是与 现在进行时 最大的区别)

    • I'm at home.
    • I see you.
    • It doesn't matter.

一般过去:和一般现在类似

一般将来:和一般现在类似

进行时

现在进行:

  • 包括现在时间点内的较短时间内,某一个动作持续或高频发生
    • I am reading.
    • He is jogging.
    • I am learning English these days.

过去进行:略

将来进行:略

完成时

现在完成时:

  • 一个动作已经发生、或一个状态已经存在了,且对现在的事情有一定影响
    • They have finished their jobs.
    • I have been to China 3 times.

💡 现在完成时和一般过去时有什么区别?大体上没有区别,可以互换,有区别的情况:

  • 中文语境下如果有”已经“,那就用现在完成时
    • Where did you go last month? I went to Tasmania(你上个月去哪儿了?我去塔斯马尼亚了。)
    • Have you been to Tasmania? Yes, I have.(你已经去过塔斯马尼亚吗?是的,我去过。)
  • 如果是确定的时间点(from/to),主句常用一般过去时;如果是一个时间段(since/by),主句常用现在完成时
    • I began learning dancing in my childhood.
    • I have learnt dancing since my childhood.
  • 强调动词的持续性,用完成态(since/by 表时间段,主句完成态)
    • I began learning dancing when I was a child.(began 开始这个动作无法持续)
    • I have learnt dancing since my childhood.(learn 学习这个动作可以持续)
  • 句中的动作或状态是否有后续影响
    • I have finished the job.
    • I finished the job.

过去完成态:

  • B 点比 A 点还早,且 B 点发生的动作对 A 点有影响
    • She had left(B) before you came(A) back. 你回来之前她就走了。
    • I had watched(B) this movie before last week(A). 我上周前就看过这部电影了。

完成进行时

  • 一个动作在过去发生,且一直持续到现在。强调的是动作在现在时间点之前的持续性。
    • I have been studying for half an hour.
    • Who has been shouting here?

现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时

这两个时态都可以表示一个动作持续到现在,区别在于:

  • 现在完成时侧重于动作的完成
    • I have learned English for 10 years.
  • 现在完成进行时侧重于动作的持续
    • I have been learning English for 10 years.

被动语态与时态

The watch is repaired.

现在 进行:be being(态)+ be(时) → The watch is being repaired.

现在 完成进行:have been being(态)+ be(时)→ The watch has been being repaired.