Verb 动词
Verb can:
- Show actions. 表达动作。
- Link ideas. 联系（链接）想法
All sentences contain verbs. 所有的句子都包含动词。
🌰 Example:
🐻 The bear roars.
🐻 The bear runs.
🐻 The bear sleeps.
Verb Agreement 动词一致性
我们会说：
📍 The dog barks.
📍 The dogs bark.
bark /bɑːrk/ 吼叫
我们不会说：
❌ The dog bark.
❌ The dogs barks.
我们会说：
📍 Jake bakes cake.
📍 We bake cake.
bark /beɪk/ 烘焙
我们不会说：
❌ Jake bake cake.
❌ We bakes cake.
👿 《指环王》中有一个叫做 Gollum 咕噜的生物，它讲的话就违背 verb agreement，每一个动词都加上 s，比如它不说“I love it”，而是“I loves it”。
Verb Tenses 动词时态
🧙♂️ Tenses, or time wizard who can tell stories span all of time. 时态，或者叫做时间魔法师，掌握了时态，讲述故事的时候，你就可以跨越任意时间维度：
Past 过去 ↔️ Present 现在 ↔️ Future 未来
🌰 Example:
I talked ↔️ I talk ↔️ I will talk
The Present Tense 现在时
Taking place right now.
📍 I eat a donut.
donut /ˈdoʊnʌt/ 甜甜圈
📍 Louise don't want catapult.
catapult /ˈkætəpʌlt/ 弹弓
📍 The water is super cold.
📍 Bertie is singing in the shower.
The Past Tense 过去时
Stuff that has already happen.
Flag: -ed ending.
📍 Present tense: I walk to the moon.
📍 Past tense: I walked to the moon.
The Future Tense 将来时
Stuff that is happening in later than now.
Flag: will
📍 Present tense: I eat this cupcake.
📍 Future tense: I will eat this cupcake.
Linking Verb 系动词
前面我们说到，动词有两种作用：
- Show actions
- Link ideas
那么，对于第二种作用的动词，我们称它为 linking verb 系动词。
🌰 Example：
🐻 The bear eats a fish.
🐻 The bear is hungry.
💡 第一句中，动词 eats 是动词的第一种作用，即表达动作；而第二句中，系动词 is 是第二种作用，它把 饥饿的状态 (idea) 和 bear 给链接 (linking) 了起来，表示「这只熊是饥饿的」。
🐻 The bear looked at me.
🐻 The bear looked lonely.
💡这两句中，都用了同一个动词 looked，但作用不一样。第一句中，looked 表示动词，即「熊在看着我」；而第二句中，looked 则是系动词，它把 孤独 这种状态(idea) 和 bear 给 🔗 linking 了起来。
🐻 The bear smells a person.
🐻 The bear smells like cinnamon.
cinnamon /ˈsɪnəmən/ n. 肉桂 a. 肉桂味的
Helping Verb 助动词
这里是前文未提及的动词第三种作用：
- Show actions
- Link ideas
- Helping other verbs. 帮助其他动词
Helping verb 比较偏拉丁语化、正式化的称呼是 auxiliary verb（辅助动词）。
auxiliary /ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/ a. 辅助的 n. 助手；助动词
助动词其实是 have 和 be 的曲折变化形式而已。
🌰 Example：
🍕 Brian is eating a Pizza. 布莱恩正在吃披萨。
🍕Brian has eaten a Pizza. 布莱恩之前已经吃了一个披萨了。
🍕Brian was eating a Pizza. 布莱恩之前在吃披萨的过程中发生了一些事情。
🍕Brian had been eating a Pizza. 布莱恩之前在吃披萨，但是在某个点他停止了。
The Irregular Verb 不规则动词
Regular Verb 规则动词:
talk 👉 talked 👉 will talk
Irregular Verb 不规则动词：
ran 👉 run 👉 will run
| Verb 动词 | 1st Pres. 第一人称 现在 | 3rd Pres. Sg. 第三人称 现在 单数 | Plural Pre. 复数 现在 | 1st Past 第一人称 过去 | Plural Past 第一人称 过去 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| be | I am | she is | we are | I was | we were |
| have | I have | she has | we have | I had | we had |
| do | I do | she does | we do | I did | we did |
| Say | I say | she says | we say | I said | we said |
👨🎓 What's 2nd person? 什么是第二人称？
👨💼 The 3 persons spoken of in grammatical construction are based on distance. 在语法结构中提到的三个人称是基于距离来确定的。
The 1st person is the one closest to you: yourself. The pronouns are I, me, my, we, us, and our. 第一人称是距离你最近的：你自己。对应的代词是 I、me、my、we、use，和 our。
The second person is the one whom you are addressing. The pronouns are you, your, and yours. 第二人称是你正在招呼的那个人。对应的代词是 you、your 和 yours。
The third person is everyone else. The pronouns are he, she, it, they, them, and theirs. 第三人称是其他所有人。代词是：he、she、it、they、them 和 theirs。
-ed 不规则动词
| Present 现在时 | Past 过去式 |
|---|---|
| walk | walked |
| sleep | slept |
| keep | kept |
| build | built |
| spend | spent |
| leave | left |
| leap | leapt |
| lose | lost |
walk 的过去式是 walked，其他不规则单词其实也是为了发 -ed 这个后缀音，只是拼写发生改变。
Vowel-Shift Irregular Verb 元音变换动词
Vowel 元音：Your tongue didn’t touch lips, teeth, or roof of your mouth. 发音的时候你的舌头没有碰到嘴唇、牙齿或上颚。
| Present 现在式 | Past 过去式 | Past Perfect 过去分词 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| sing /sɪŋ/ | sang /sæŋ/ | sung /sʌŋ/ | |
| drink /drɪŋk/ | drank /dræŋk/ | drunk /drʌŋk/ | |
| win /wɪn/ | won /wʌn/ | won | 👈 过去分词和过去式一样 |
| find /faɪnd/ | found /faʊnd/ | found | |
| sit /sɪt/ | sat /sæt/ | sat | |
| sneak /sniːk/ | sunck /snʌk/ | sunck | |
| run /rʌn/ | ran /ræn/ | run | 👈 过去分词和现在式一样 |
在视频中， David 把过去分词称为 past perfect，其实更加准确的称呼应该是 past participle。
在 sing-sang-sung 中，我们发现发音的位置在移动的：
👉 sing 可以感受到发音是在鼻腔部分（也就是口腔的前面部分）
👉 sang 发音在口腔的中间部分
👉 sung 发音到了喉咙部分
The Irregular Verb gets taken a ride 被不规则动词“骗了”
有些不规则动词也存在通过元音变换，但是它们的过去式 or 过去分词则是变为了 -en 结尾
| Present 现在式 | Past 过去式 | Past Perfect 过去分词 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| tear /ter/ | tore /tɔːr/ | torn /tɔːrn/ | |
| show | showed | shown | |
| prove | proved | proven | |
| bite | bit | bitten | |
| ride | rode | ridden | |
| eat | ate | eaten | |
| speak | spoke | spoken | |
| be | was/were | been | |
| go | went | gone | 👈 go 很奇怪，过去式 went 完全不一样，并且 gone 结尾是 -ne，但是发音却是 -en |
😅 Irregular verbs are weird. There is no denying it. But we can break them down, and they can be understood. 毫无疑问，不规则动词很奇怪。但是我们可以拆分它们，然后让他们变得更加容易理解。
The Truly Irregular Verbs 真正的不规则动词
接下来的不规则动词不符合 -ed、元音变换、-en 结尾这三种分类，他们是真正的不规则。
| Change 改变 | Present 现在式 | Past 过去式 |
|---|---|---|
| -ught | teach /tiːtʃ/ | taught /tɔːt/ |
| catch /kætʃ/ | caught /kɔːt/ | |
| bring /brɪŋ/ | brought /brɔːt/ | |
| -d | say /seɪ/ | said /sed/ |
| flee /fliː/ | fled /fled/ | |
| 过去式=现在式 | bet | bet |
| set | set | |
| hurt | hurt | |
| 情态助词 | can | could |
| may | might | |
| Shall | should | |
| will | Would |
🏆 If you can master these, you can be a grammar champion. 如果你掌握了这些，你就可以称得上语法冠军
Verb Aspect 动词体
Verb aspect: all the possible ways of expressing something in time. 在时间上所有可能的表达方式。
🚀 我们在描述动作的时候，会分两步走：
- Tenses 时：确定动作发生的时间，是过去，现在，还是将来
- Aspect 态：确定动作发生的状态，是一般、正在进行、完成，还是完成进行
排列组合就有以下 16 种时态：
Simple Aspect 一般体
Simple aspect: 最基本的一种时态。
🚶♂️ 过去一般：I walked.
🚶♂️ 现在一般：I walk.
🚶♂️ 将来一般：I will walk.
Progressive Aspect 进行体
Progressive Aspect: Things are ongoing. 某事正在进行中。
🚶♂️ 过去进行：I was walking.
🚶♂️ 现在进行：I am walking.
🚶♂️ 将来进行：I will be walking.
ABC: Always Be Conjugating. 进行体的一个规则，就是说它的动词变为总是变为「be + v.ing」，即 be 动词+动词的 ing 形式。
conjugate /ˈkɑːndʒəɡeɪt/ 动词变位
Perfect Aspect 完成体
Perfect Aspect: Something has been completed.
🫧 过去完成：I had washed the dishes.
🫧 现在完成：I have washed the dishes.
🫧 将来完成：I will have washed the dishes.
Perfect Progressive Aspect 完成进行体
Perfect progressive aspect:
- You’ve been doing something for a long time 你花了很长时间正在做一件事
- Or you will have done something for a long time 或者你之前花了很长时间做完某事
- Or that you had been doing something continuously 或者你会继续做某一件事情
🍪 过去完成： I had been eating cookies. （之前一直在吃饼干，到现在已经吃完了）
🍪 现在完成：I have been eating cookies. （之前一直在吃饼干，到现在还继续在吃）
🍪 将来完成：I will have been eating cookies. （吃饼干花了很久的时间）
Modal Verb 情态动词
🙋 What is modality? 什么是情态？
👩🏫 Modality is expressed in these conditions: 情态是用于表达这些情况：
- Likelihood/certainty 可能性/确定性
- Ability 能力
- Permission 许可
- Obligation 义务
🔹 情态动词有：may、 might、 must、 can、 could、 shall、 should、 will、 would
🔸 情态动词特点：
- 适用于一切事物
- 没有 to- 不定式，比如没有 I to can eat.
🌰 Example:
-
He must have gone that way! ➡ Likelihood.
-
You must be this tall to ride the coaster. ➡ Obligation.
-
You must remove your shoes.! ➡ Obligation.
-
It may rain. ➡ Possibility.
-
You may enter. ➡ Permission.
-
I can eat ten pounds of broccoli! ➡ Ability.
-
I would make the bed, but I’m tired. ➡ Possibility.
-
You shouldn’t do that. ➡ Advise.
-
He will win the competition. ➡ Future.
在美式英语中，更多用 will，而英式英语则用 shall，来表达一种未来