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写作基础-2-笔记-语言篇-正确-名词的用法-分词状语的主谓和平行结构-指代清晰

👉 写作基础2.pdf

名词的用法——中国学生最常踩的坑​

名词的两个分类：

  • 可数名词和不可数名词（是否有固定的计量单位）
    • 可数名词，有固定的计量单位，比如：a cup of coffee、a piece of cake
    • 不可数名词，没有固定的计量单位，比如：water、milk
  • 泛指和特指

可数和不可数总结：

  • 可数名词
    • 单数：这类名词最多，比如 apple、person 等等
    • 复数
      • 单数 +s：单数名词后面加 s，比如：apple -> apples
      • 集体名词：这类名词本身就是复数，比如 people，staff 等
  • 不可数名词
    • 物质名词：water、air、fire 等
    • 抽象名词：
      • 动词的名词化，比如 development、translation
      • 情绪的名词化，比如 sadness，love
      • 动名词，比如 swimming、singing
      • 概念名词，比如 math、physics

特指和泛指

  • 特指：所指事物是特定的或者大家都知道的
    • 特定场景下大家都知道的，比如 Please open the door.（这里的门是特指的，因为说话的人和听话的人都知道是哪一扇门）
    • 某一类名词，比如 We cannot live without the sun. （单数 sun 表示恒星，这里的 the sun 特指最近的恒星--太阳）
    • 专有名词，比如 The Great Wall
    • 上下文提到过的，比如 I have a book. The book is on the table.
  • 泛指：除了特指外，基本都是泛指

两者结合：

名词种类泛指特指
可数名词单数a/an/the + 名词单数the + 名词
复数名词复数同上
不可数名词\名词同上

💡 先分析特指/泛指，再分析是可数/不可数名词，最后分析是单数/复数

加 the 一定不会错的结构：the A of B

eg. In developing countries, economic growth is relatively faster.

→ The economic growth of developing is relatively faster.

分词状语的主谓一致和平行结构——常见的“高级”语法错误​

分词状语需要注意两点：

  1. 主谓一致
    1. 逻辑主语
    2. 主动 doing，被动 done
  2. 结构平行

逻辑主语错误的例子：

  • Making a lot of efforts, students's grades increased. ❌ 逻辑主语错误，这里分词状语的逻辑主语是 students，而不是 students's grades
    • Making a lot of efforts, students increased their grades. ✅ 正确改法
  • Compared with punishment, students need more encouragement. ❌ 逻辑主语错误，这里的分词状语逻辑主语是 encouragement，而不是 students, 注意这里不是主动 doing 被动 done 的问题
    • Compared with punishment, encouragement is more required for students. ✅ 正确改法
  • The number increased rapidly in 2000 but decreasing in 2010. ❌ 结构不平行
    • The number increased rapidly in 2000 but decreased in 2010. ✅ 正确改法

指代清晰——字里行间的清爽​

代词表格：

我你他她它我们你们它们
人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey
人称代词宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem
形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir
名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs
反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves

  • 主格：动作发出者

  • 宾格：动词承受者

  • 形容词性物主代词：把代词当形容词用

  • 名词性物主代词：把代词当名词用

  • 反身代词：自身

代词使用常见问题：

  1. 前面有多个同属性名词，都免就不要用代词指代了
    • Parents and children should have more chats, because they need to know more about their thoughts. ❌ 第二句的 they、their 指代不明确
      • Parents and children should have more chats, because parents need to know more about children's thoughts. ✅
  2. 就近原则
    • Young people should respect senior citizens and take care of children, who need to take more social responsibility. ❌ who 指代不明确，不知道是指代 young people, senior citizens 还是 children
      • Young people, who need to take more social responsibility, should respect senior citizens and take care of children. ✅
  3. 避免代词过度使用
    • Requiring students to participate in unpaid jobs, teachers are obliged to them to arrange their schedules to avoid the delay of their study. ❌ 代词过度使用
      • Requiring students to participate in unpaid jobs, teachers are obliged to arrange students schedules to avoid the delay of study. ✅